Bioremediation of oil contaminated at soil

by: Prasetyo Handrianto, S.Si.

The exstraction and production of petroleum generate oily wastes that result from drilling, processing or accidental contamination (Chaillan et al., 2005). Such hazardous compouns include benzene, toluene, PCBs, dioxins, and nitro-aromatics (Ezezika and Singer, 2010; Kao et al., 2000) the major components of fuel oils (especially gasoline), which ar hazardous subtanced regulated by many nation. In addition to BTEX, other gasoline constituents are also toxic to humans (Kao et al., 2000).
There are many various clean-up technologies. These can be categorized in three general schimes : chemical, physical and biological (Kermanshashi et al., 2005 in Kczorec et al., 2010).
The work shows that bioremediation techniques can be an alternative solution in environments for the treatment of potensial contaminant like drill cuttings and/or (Chailalan et al., 2005) accidental oil spill on soil (Chaillan et al., 2005; Ezezika and Singer, 2010).
The efficiency of the bioremediation process is linked to the instrinsic degradability of hydrocarbon compounds (Chaillan et al., 2005) or process by which microorganism like bacteria degrade or transform hazardous organic compounds into non-tixic substance (Ezezika and Singer, 2010).
Biodegradation is one of the primary mechanism for elimination of petroleum and other hydrocarbon pollutants from the environment (calvo et al., 2008).
The purpose of the present study was to: characteristise the ancient contamination of the soil by detailed chemical analyses, assess the efficiency of bioremediation treatment during a 12 month field experiment and, quantify and remove the negative influence of factors inhibiting the biodegradation of hydrocarbon (Chaillan et al., 2005).
Bioremediation involves the acceleration of natural biodegradation process in contaminated environment. It usually consists of the application of nitrogenous and phosphorous fertilizers, adjusting the addition ofbacteria. Besides, when the pollutants have poor water solubility, addition of emulsifiers (calvo et al., 2008) and fertilizer (Pelletier et al., 2003) survace-active agents (surfactant) (kaczorek and Olszanowski., 2010; Lima et al., 2010g), bioreactor (Fulekar, 2009) enhaced the biodegradation rate by increasing the biovailabellity of the pollutant (calvo et al., 2008).
Biological treatment techniques fall into two categories, biostulation and bioaugmentation. Biostimulation refers to addition specific nutrients like with N and P (Ruberto et al., 2003) to a waste situation with the hope that the correct, naturally indigenous microbes were present in sufficient numbers and types to break down the waste effectifely. An alternative approach is to use bioaugmentation, which is the scientific approach to achieve controlled, predictable, and progrmmed biodegradation. Bioaugmentation involves the addition of specially formulated microorganism to waste situation. It is done in conjunction with the development and monitoring of an ideal growt environment, in which these selected bacteria can live and work (calvo et al., 2008).
The main objective of this article was to review the casic concept of the application of bioemulsifiers as biostimulating in oil bioremediation processes, with particular emphasis on the current knowledge of its importance in biological treatment techniques (calvo et al., 2008).




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